IntroductionCategoryDetailsComposition– Nitrogen (N₂): Balance gas (typically 70–95% by volume)
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| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Composition | – Nitrogen (N₂): Balance gas (typically 70–95% by volume) |
| – Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): 1–20% (inert, greenhouse gas) | |
| – Helium (He): 1–10% (non-flammable, cryogenic cooling agent) | |
| Key Applications | – Food & Beverage: Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and carbonation |
| – Fire Suppression: Inerting hazardous environments (CO₂ displaces oxygen) | |
| – Cryogenics: Cooling superconducting magnets (He) and freezing biological samples | |
| – Welding: Shielding gas mixtures (He for aluminum, CO₂ for steel) | |
| – Plant Growth: Elevated CO₂ levels in greenhouses | |
| Physical Properties | – CO₂: Liquifies at 5.2 bar (31°C); dense, odorless gas |
| – He: Lightest gas (0.1785 g/L); remains gaseous at -269°C | |
| – N₂: Inert buffer; prevents oxidation | |
| Safety Precautions | – Asphyxiation: High CO₂/N₂ levels displace oxygen; monitor O₂ sensors |
| – Cryogenic Risk: Liquid He requires insulated gloves and goggles | |
| – Pressure Hazards: Cylinders store gas at 150–200 bar; use regulators | |
| – Confined Spaces: Ventilate areas to prevent CO₂ buildup | |
| Storage & Handling | – High-pressure cylinders (e.g., 50L, 100L) with CGA/DIN valves |
| – Store upright in cool, well-ventilated areas away from flammables | |
| – Liquid CO₂/He in Dewar flasks (vacuum-insulated) | |
| Certifications | Compliance with ISO 7291 (gaseous CO₂), ASTM D7673 (He purity), and FDA/USDA regulations for food use |
| Environmental Impact | – CO₂: Major greenhouse gas (GWP 1); contributes to climate change |
| – He: Non-renewable resource; prioritize recycling in MRI/NMR systems | |
| Shelf Life | 12–24 months when stored at 15–25°C (avoid temperature fluctuations) |
| Special Notes | – Mixture Stability: CO₂ may adsorb on cylinder walls; purging required for accuracy |
| – Leak Detection: Use soapy water or electronic sniffers (avoid open flames) |
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