IntroductionCategoryDetailsComposition– Nitrogen (N₂): Balance gas (typically 60–90% by volume)
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| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Composition | – Nitrogen (N₂): Balance gas (typically 60–90% by volume) |
| – Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): 1–20% (inert, greenhouse gas) | |
| – Oxygen (O₂): 1–10% (oxidizing agent, supports combustion) | |
| Key Applications | – Food & Beverage: Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and carbonation |
| – Biotechnology: Cell culture systems (CO₂/O₂ control for mammalian cells) | |
| – Welding: Shielding gas mixtures (e.g., CO₂ for steel, O₂ for stainless steel) | |
| – Medical: Hyperbaric chambers and respiratory therapy | |
| Physical Properties | – CO₂: Dense gas (1.98 kg/m³ at STP); liquifies at 5.2 bar (31°C) |
| – O₂: Strong oxidizer; supports rapid combustion | |
| – N₂: Inert buffer; prevents oxidation/explosions | |
| Safety Precautions | – Fire Risk: O₂-enriched atmospheres ignite flammable materials (keep away from oils/greases) |
| – Asphyxiation: High CO₂/N₂ levels displace oxygen; monitor O₂ sensors (≥19.5% required) | |
| – Pressure Hazards: Cylinders store gas at 150–200 bar; use regulators | |
| Storage & Handling | – High-pressure cylinders (e.g., 50L, 100L) with CGA/DIN valves |
| – Store upright in cool, well-ventilated areas away from flammables | |
| – Liquid CO₂ in Dewar flasks (vacuum-insulated) | |
| Certifications | Compliance with ISO 7291 (gaseous CO₂), USP/Ph. Eur. (medical O₂), and FDA/USDA regulations for food use |
| Environmental Impact | – CO₂: Major greenhouse gas (GWP 1); contributes to climate change |
| – O₂: Non-toxic but supports combustion; handle with fire safety protocols | |
| Shelf Life | 12–24 months when stored at 15–25°C (avoid temperature fluctuations) |
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